The governor of Kaduna, Nasir el-Rufai, recently spoke with Channels TV and made a number of assertions about his state and Nigeria.
Here is what Middle Belt Times discovered after investigating some of the claims.
CLAIM 1: “The local government of Kubau is bigger than the state of Anambra.”
FALSE: Kaduna’s Kubau local government covers 2,363 km2, whilst Anambra covers 4,865 km2 according to the city population website.
CLAIM 2: “Legislative members are permitted to operate their own businesses.”
FALSE: Except for farming, which is primarily done to promote agriculture, full-time public servants are not authorized by law to own or operate private companies, trades, or professions..
CLAIM 3: “The size of Borno State is four times that of the five South-Eastern States.”
FALSE: Borno is not four times as large as the five south-eastern states combined in terms of land mass as el-Rufai claimed, but rather only 2.5 times as large.
Borno is the second-largest state in Nigeria after Niger based on data from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), with a size of 72,609 square kilometers. While all five south eastern states have a combined surface area of 28,987sqkm
…Describes UN statement as callous, insensitive and lopsided
A group under the auspices of Middle Belt Patriots have berated the United Nations over its statement on the recent bombing of civilians in Nasarawa state. The group in a statement signed by its National Secretary Comrade Kator Aondover and made available to Middle Belt Times on Monday described the statement credited to Alice Wairimu Nderitu, the Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide as callous, divisive, insensitive and lopsided.
The statement reads;
“On the 3rd of February 2023, Alice Wairimu Nderitu, the Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide released a UN statement on the worsening insecurity situation in Nigeria.
Alice Wairimu Nderitu
“In that statement, she expressed her strongest condemnation for an airstrike that – in her words, “killed at least 40 civilian herders from the Fulani ethnic community whilst injuring scores more”.
“She expressed concern over the security situation in the North West and North Central where “the air attacks resulted in the casualties of Fulani took place”.
“The fact that Alice Wairimu, a representative of the United Nations, did not complete sufficient research prior to making such a delicate statement that has the potential to aggravate ethnic tensions and tearing the very fabric of an already fragile nation like Nigeria has analysts perplexed”.
“The UN through Alice Wairimu, in its malicious report, painted a picture of “exclusive Fulani victimhood”, and that the Fulani communities were targeted along identity lines”.
UN office of Prevention of Genocide statement.
“Unknown to Alice Wairimu, the truth about the airstrike in Rukubi, a village on the border between Nasarawa and Benue States would be told by Hon Akyala Ishaku, a House of Representatives candidate from Nasarawa state, dispelling the myth in that statement.
“The House of Representatives candidate would disclose true events in a post where it was revealed that the victims of the airstrike included people of other ethnicities in the region, particularly the Tiv.
“He shared a photo of the living conditions in the IDP (internally displaced camp) where the displaced people of Tiv extraction were lodged.”
Recall that deposed Emir of Kano, Sanusi Lamido had issued a report blaming the Governor of Benue State as the orchestrator of the attack. He said “All the air strikes that took place in Nasarawa were masterminded from Makurdi – we must hold him responsible since we know his position against Fulani.”
However, the remark defies all logic as to why the governor of Benue would wish to harm his kin who were undoubtedly affected by the airstrike yet to be investigated by the authority.
But what continues to be perplexing is why the UN and Sanusi would want to portray it as an attack solely on people of Fulani extraction and the targeting of Fulani people along identity lines, when the Fulani victims of the attack only make up a portion of the victims of the bombing.
Apparently, the United Nations through its the Special Adviser, Alice Wairimu Nderitu, has taken the Sanusi narrative through its statement on the matter.
At the moment, there is little confidence that the United Nations would take a neutral stance in future deliberations around armed insurgency and insecurity in the country.
After all, numerous petitions regarding armed attacks on defenseless natives in the Middle Belt and Southern regions of the nation have been submitted to the United Nations by various organizations, but the issue has never been handled with the zeal and promptness that the Fulani false airstrike story has.
The persistent attacks by ethnic Fulani militias, which peaked in 2017 and have wrought destruction over the whole country as shown in the heat map from Genocide Watch below, has surprisingly been ignored by the UN.
Map showing violence by Fulani militias and other armed groups in Nigeria
The UN has rather opted to take the “farmer – herder conflict narrative” and even though the majority of Middle Belt intellectuals strongly disagree with this narrative, the larger international community regardless has adopted them.
Intellectuals in the Middle Belt are aware that while many towns in Nigeria are rife with violence, it is unusual when the causes involves the “invasions of neighboring villages, renaming communities inhabitants and displacing them”.
Conflicts that employ this atypical strategy show that factors other than these pedagogical ones proposed by the United Nations may also be at play.
One such illustration is the conflict between theTiv and Jukun, which is sparked by boundary demarcation and should even justify or increase pressure to settle on the land of neighboring groups. However, these features are not common, and aggrieved groups do not change community names when involved in conflicts with local communities. What makes it even more outrageous is that, in accordance with a number of Nigerian governors, the confrontations are with Fulani pastoralists emanating from nations outside of Nigeria’s boarders.
All of this suggests that the United Nations may have already taken a position on the issue.
While Alice Wairmiru was making her statement, Emir Sanusi had written a petition with 52 signatures that was sent to President Muhammadu Buhari accusing the Governor of Benue State of planning the murder of the pastoralists in Nasarawa despite the fact that the Air Force authority had admitted to the bombings and defended its action, saying that if the bombing victims were innocent herders, then justice must be served and that the perpetrators would face consequences.
Since emir Sanusi and Alice Wairmiru’s remarks, Mr. Peter Ahemba, president of the Tiv Development Association (TIDA) in Nasarawa State, has raised the alarm about armed herdsmen’s attacks and murder of innocent Tiv people in the southern part of Nasarawa state as retaliation for the recent bombing that has been mischaracterized as a Fulani targeted killing.
Doma, Keana, and Obi LGAs have witnessed armed herders kill dozens of Tiv people in recent days, the President claims, forcing thousands of people to flee their homes.
According to Peter Achemba, Chabo village was totally devastated and is now nothing but ashes. The entire Tiv population in Doma was forced to leave their homes, and countless others are being killed in isolated areas, all while a murderous onslaught was launched on Ajo village in Keana LGA.
As a result, we urge Alice Wairimu Nderitu, the UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide, to apologize to the Tiv indigenes of Nasarawa for taking part in spreading the false information that has caused a “spate” of killings in Nasarawa State, as well as to the entire Tiv nation and the people of the Middle Belt for escalating the conflict in which they have suffered the most.”
End of statement…
Recall that the Middle Belt area of Nigeria has been witnessing incessant attacks on agrarian communities largely blamed on Fulani militias.
The Benue state government in its efforts to curb the menace introduced anti open grazing law in the state. The law was widely condemned by Fulani elites in the country including the federal government.
The Southern Kaduna Peoples Union (SOKAPU) has voiced alarm over what it has called “a well-packaged bouquet of deadly charges” made against Governor Samuel Ortom by an organization led by the former Emir of Kano, Sanusi Lamido Sanusi.
According to SOKAPU, it condemns the killing of innocent individuals or any resident of Nigeria, regardless of color, tribe, creed, or area.
“Southern Kaduna has had more cruelty than it can manage, especially in the last eight years,” said Mr. Luka Binniyat, spokesman for SOKAPU, in a statement. “We know what mass murder of defenseless law-abiding civilians entails.”
According to the statement, the Air Force administration has admitted responsibility for the strikes and defended its line of action, arguing that if the bombing victims were innocent herders, justice must be served and full compensation must be given to their families.
It said, “On January 30, 2023, the former governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria wrote and signed a strongly worded letter to President Muhammadu Buhari that was filled with accusations and threats against Gov. Ortom. The letter made its way into the press. It is absurd and regrettable that the previous Emir of Kano and leading Fulani elites would go so far as to try to implicate Ortom in the event.
According to the statement, the major offense committed by Governor Ortom is the Open Grazing and Livestock Prohibition and Ranches Establishment Law, which is enforced by the Benue State Livestock Guards. The statement claimed that since the law’s passage in 2017, Gov. Ortom has not only been the target of a barrage of verbal attacks from enraged Fulani leaders and groups, but has also survived multiple attempts on his life.
SOKAPU observed that if a state government enacts a law that every resident of the state is bound by, no ethnic group has the exclusive right to disrespect such a law no matter how privileged and protected it may be and that the most civilized course of action is to follow the democratic process of reviewing the law or repealing it.
“Therefore, we anticipate that Sanusi and his tribe chiefs will urge their followers to uphold Benue State law while on state territory and to pursue legal means of amending or repealing any law they believe to be against their people’s best interests”.
“What SOKAPU finds curious and very surprising is that Sanusi who has portrayed himself as a nationalist of some kind has reduced himself to a narrow champion of his tribesmen. We say this because Sanusi has made Kaduna his second home since his dethronement as the Emir of Kano in March 2020 but has never made a comment on the mass killings of the people of Southern Kaduna and law-abiding Fulani in Kaduna State,” the forum noted.
The statement continued, “In June 2022, the forum reported with proof of how killer herdsmen on over 150 motorbikes attacked some communities in Adara Chiefdom in Kajuru LGA in Southern Kaduna, while a low-flying Air Force gun-mounted plane assisted the invaders.” It added that 32 innocent farmers were killed in the attack and a further ten were abducted.
This is just one of many attacks for which we have alleged complicity on the part of a rebellious military unit. Sanusi has been attempting to portray himself as a statesman, thus we would have anticipated that he would add his substantial voice to denouncing such criminality and demanding justice, even if not with the same zeal and fervor he is applying to the Akwanaja bombing, the statement said.
” Sanusi wields a lot of influence on the Governor of Kaduna state, Mallam Nasir el-Rufai. However, el-Rufai has persisted in demonstrating a lack of ability or will to safeguard the residents of Kaduna State, particularly from the bloodshed caused by armed herders who are also known as “bandits.” When Kaduna, his second home, is gushing with the blood of innocent victims as a result of savage herdsmen assaults, Sanusi’s decision to focus on Ortom in distant Benue State (away from the scene of the atrocities in Nasarawa State) certainly reeks of a troubling agenda against Ortom.
It was highlighted that Southern Kaduna, a formidable region of the Middle Belt, wanted to declare that if Ortom suffered harm, they knew who should be held accountable.
“We show our support for Ortom and the residents of Benue State. We also want a thorough investigation of the bombing in Akwanaja. We further want that the same policy be applied to similar bombs that have occurred in Southern Kaduna, according to the forum.
Following a recent bombardment of individuals thought to be herders on the border of Benue and Nasarawa States, it has been claimed that suspected Fulani herdsmen have exacted revenge on Tiv communities in Nasarawa State.
This follows comments by the deposed Emir Sanusi concerning the killings in which he had earlier alleged that the Governor of Benue State, Samuel Ortom was responsible for the alleged airstrike in Rukubi, a village on the border between Nasarawa and Benue States which left 56 persons dead with others injured.
Emir Sanusi said “All the air strikes that took place in Nasarawa were masterminded from Makurdi. We must hold him responsible since we know his position against Fulani. It’s only an investigation that will avail him of the allegations. Why won’t t there be an investigation to reveal who masterminded the bombardment? And who gives orders to the Air force to always launch these airstrikes?
However, the Tiv community of Nasarawa State claimed yesterday that suspected armed herdsmen were continuing to attack and murder innocent Tiv people in the southern portion of the state as retaliation for the recent bombing.
Mr Peter Ahemba, president of the Tiv Development Association (TIDA) in Nasarawa State, raised the alarm yesterday in a press conference in Lafia. As a result, he urged the federal and state governments to take immediate action to put an end to the ongoing attacks and killings.
He further said that heavily armed herdsmen had singled out and attacked the Tiv people, highlighting the fact that numerous innocent Tiv farmers had already been killed and driven from their homes in the state’s Doma, Keana, and Obi Local Government Areas.
Ahemba emphasized that the intelligence report available to the TIDA leadership showed that the heavily armed herders were preparing to launch more lethal attacks on Tiv settlements throughout the state’s southern zone, as well as portions of the Kokona and Nasarawa Local Government Areas, in order to ensure the complete annihilation of the Tiv nation in the state.
“Thousands of our people have been displaced from across Doma, Keana, and Obi LGAs of the state and armed herders have massacred scores of our people in the previous few days.”
“Chabo village has been devastated to nothing but ashes. As the entire Tiv community in Doma has been forced to flee their homes and numerous others are being slain in isolated communities, a fatal attack was launched on Ajo village in Keana LGA, according to the TIDA President.
The Tiv people of the state were unaware of the recent airstrike that was being used as justification for the widespread killings of the Tiv farmers and destruction of their property, he said, describing the attacks on them as barbaric.
“We request assistance from the federal and state governments, who should provide sufficient security personnel to our communities in the impacted LGAs. All escape routes are still blocked by the herders, who are currently killing our people like animals, according to Ahemba.
Samuel Ortom, the governor of Benue State, has referred to accusations linking his administration to the deaths caused by an airstrike on a community in Nasarawa State as malicious.
The governor claimed that neither he nor his administration were involved in the terrible event.
He insisted that he did not give anyone the command to commit the deed and that he lacked the authority to direct the air raid operation which resulted in the killings
The governor said it was sheer mischief for someone to try and tie him into something he had no knowledge of and questioned why he would be associated with the occurrence.
Governor Nasir El Rufai of Kaduna State on Thursday said the Labour Party’s Presidential Candidate, Peter Obi was campaigning in “Christian enclaves in the North but “how many were they” in an interview with TVC News.
The governor had stated that the Presidential candidate of the Labour party would not win the election on 25 February 2023.
“How can Peter Obi win any election? He is polling one per cent in Sokoto, two per cent in Katsina, and five per cent in Kano. That is where the votes are, all states are not equal.
“The fact that Peter Obi is doing 70 per cent in Anambra State does not mean somebody doing 10 per cent in Kano is not better than him. Kano is four million votes, and the number of votes in Anambra is the size of one local government in Kaduna State” the Governor stated.
He predicted that Peter Obi will sweep the South East and would do well in the South-South but where else? And that Peter Obi wasn’t polling well in the South West except for a drop in the ocean in Lagos
He then stated that Peter Obi was polling well in the “Christian enclaves in the North, but how many were they? How many?”
The Kaduna State Governor referred to the Presidential Candidate of the Labour Party, Peter Obi as a Nollywood actor using ethnicity and religious bigotry which will also not make him win the elections since he didn’t have the number of states, and since he (Peter Obi) didn’t have 25 per cent in more than 16 states, he wouldn’t go anywhere.
Nasir El rufai limited the Presidential race between the All Progressives Congress (APC) and the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) because they had the footprints and the ‘spate’. And that ethnicity and religious bigotry will not take Peter Obi anywhere and “that” this was what the Labour Party campaign was about.”
The Governor of Rivers State Nyemson Wike who was in Port Harcourt, Wednesday for Rivers Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) campaign rally for Port Harcourt City Local Government Area has said the G-5 which comprises himself, Seyi Makinde of Oyo State, Samuel Ortom of Benue State, Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi of Enugu State and Okezie Ikpeazu of Abia State were fighting guerilla warfare.
G-5 Governors of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP)
He also stated regarding the upcoming elections that he had never told “anyone” that he would face the cameras to announce who he would support.
He stated that ” I said I will tell Rivers people the candidate they will support. I did not state the method of telling it. I did not say I will hold live coverage to declare it.
And Rivers people know already. Are you not aware? But you (Rivers people) are aware. Have we not said it? I’ve told people who don’t know. In G-5, we are fighting guerilla warfare. The more you look, the less you see said Wike.
The Benue state Governor has responded to the deposed Emir of Kano, Lamido Sanusi who in a recent video called on Ortom to learn from his fellow governors on how to manage diversity in his state – citing the Governor of Plateau State as his model.
Ortom issued a response through his spokesman, Nathaniel Ikyur in a press statement where he urged Sanusi to restrain himself from meddling in the affairs of Benue State. The Benue Governor also asked the former emir to face the court litigation surrounding his dethronement.
According to the statement, the video was aimed at profiling Governor Ortom before the Fulani race, however, Ortom further stated that he does not intend to join issues with the deposed emir due to the sacredness with which he holds human lives. He maintained that the anti-open grazing law which the deposed emir referenced earlier was validly passed by the Benue State House of Assembly with appropriate penalties for violators.
Ortom also stated that at the appropriate time, he would respond and say his side of the story and expose the evil that had been orchestrated by people perceived to be educated and who are supposed to be good leaders. He further said he found it strange that Sanusi would advise him to govern Benue like Plateau – when he was “elected by the people of Benue state and not any man in Kano”.
The governor pointed out that the law prohibiting open grazing in Benue did not conflict with the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and as such, noone could stop the Benue state government from enforcing the rights and practice of the law.
Kaduna: LP guber candidate, Asake, Meets Muslim Clerics, assures of fairness
The Labour Party, LP, governorship candidate in Kaduna State, Hon. Jonathan Asake, has assured the Muslim Ummah that his administration would operate on the principles of fairness, equity and justice as enshrined in the 1999 constitution.
Asake gave the assurance at the weekend in Zaria when he and his running mate, Rt. Hon Bashir Aliyu Idris met with Muslim clerics in continuation of their dialogue with stakeholders in the state.
He said as religious leaders who control large followers, majority of whom have been affected by the wrong policies of the APC government, it was imperative to seek their prayers, support and interact on the way forward for the state.
The governorship flag bearer said he will defend the rights of every citizen to exercise their sociocultural and religious freedom at all times, adding that inclusiveness will be his watch word.
A press release made available to journalists in Kaduna on Sunday by James Swam, media aide to the governorship candidate, quoted Asake urging the clerics to deeply reflect on the prevailing economic and security situations of the state and preach the truth so that the electorate would understand what choice to make on March 11.
” I came to unveil myself to you, to seek your prayers and support to succeed in becoming the governor of Kaduna state come March 11 so that together we could secure the state and restore hope to the people.
” I will be fair and just to all citizens and segments of the state. I will rule by the principles of justice as enshrined in the 1999 constitution as amended. I will defend all and promote all, and each person will exercise their freedom as the constitution permits,” the release quoted the governorship candidate saying.
He lamented that poverty, unemployment, banditry, kidnapping, ethnic and religious conflicts were the result of bad leadership in the state and pledged to reverse the trends within a record time in office.
He said when leaders do not operate on the basis of inclusiveness and empathy the society was bound to experience decline in all ramifications.
Asake told the Islamic clerics that only the Labour Party has the family as its centrepiece as emphasized on its logo showing a father, mother and child. He said as the party of the working class and the downtrodden, the people of the state would not regret voting the Labour Party, LP.
A cleric who spoke, Imam Shugaba Abdulhamid Muhammad, urged the governorship candidate to keep to his promise, adding that it is important “to operate an open door policy” in order to be accessible to the common man.
He lamented a situation where leaders get elected and shut the door behind them, saying “if we see failure in your policy implementation, we shall express displeasure openly”.
James Swam Media Aide to Jonathan Asake Labour Party Governorship Candidate Kaduna State 29/01/2023
Peter Obi paid a visit to Southern Borno as part of his campaign to become Nigeria’s next president making him the first Presidential candidate to visit that part of the Middle Belt.
There was celebration and jubilation as natives from Chibok, Gwoza, Hawul, Askira Uba and the nine local governments welcomed the Presidential candidate.
In his speech, Obi spoke to the people of the region assuring them of solving the Boko Haram conflict and creating a peaceful society where they can engage in agriculture without any cause for fear.
The reactions were positive as the crowd reacted to the speech. The coordinator of the event Isaac Balami who is also the Obi/Datti deputy national campaign manager and senior adviser on presidential campaign matters, funding and grass root mobilization responded by saying that the people of Southern Borno had rejected politics of religion and ethnicity and have embraced competence and capacity.
He also reiterated the love the people of Southern Borno had for Obi and the love Obi had for the people of the region.
Peter Obi kicked off his campaign in the Middle Belt and Northern part of the country and has toured several parts of the Middle Belt as he seeks election on the 25th of February 2023.
Recently, we have heard a lot about the killings in Southern Kaduna, but the media has once again seemed to ignore the killings in Southern Bauchi, where armed herdsmen attacks are responsible for scores of deaths every day. Only a few media outlets have been able to report on the atrocities taking place in the area.
The most recent incident that inspired this article occurred on January 22, 2023, at Gambar Sabon Layi in Tafawa Balewa local government of Bauchi State, where Daniel Dabwa was abducted and where four victims were gruesomely murdered.
Heatmap of the non state actors and attacks by region (Credit: Genocide Watch)
But to understand the issues in Bauchi, there is a need to take a historic look at Bauchi State as a whole and the issues plaguing the Zaar people, where the former speaker of the House of Representatives, Yakubu Dogara hails from.
Bauchi was founded in 1809 by Mallam Yakubu one of the flag bearers of the Sokoto Jihad and was the first emir of Bauchi. They waged war on the non-Muslim groups in the area as they resisted subjugation.
The emir of Bauchi’s palace dated 1891
In recent times, questions of indigeneity have risen as the indigene/settler narrative continues to cause tensions. The Zaar through their historical account settled in the region from before 1345. When the Jihads begun in the 1800’s, they had a peace treaty with Yakubu, the founder of Bauchi however after the passing of Yakubu, the peace treaty was broken by Yakubu’s successors which led to oppression and in some circumstances enslavement of some of the people by the Bauchi emirate. This led to a hostile relationship between the Bauchi emirate and the Zaar people which is still ever present in Zaar consciousness according to Jimam Lar, a scholar and researcher on post-colonial Nigerian history at the University of Jos.
In recent times, in the area known as Southern Bauchi, the Zaar, are the largest Christian group in Bauchi State and their population is concentrated in the Tafawa Balewa, Bogoro and Dass federal constituency.
A Zaar couple
The first problem which is very obvious as is the case with other Middle Belt areas is that there has been intent to rename their areas to those of other ethnicities (particularly Fulfude and Hausa names). Tafawa Balewa means “black stone” in Fulfude – with Fulfude being the language of the Fulani ethnic group located in a few states in northern Nigeria. The Zaar instead call their local government “Puji” instead of Tafawa Balewa which also means black stone but in their language.
We see this trend in other parts of the Middle Belt like Adamawa – where the name of the state was renamed to that of the Fulani jihadist “Modibo Adama” who was responsible for slaughtering the people of Adamawa in large numbers during the Jihad of 1804. And it is unimaginable that in the 21st century, mini colonialism is still ever present where others would try to dominate and rename the lands of others. This is the case of Tafawa Balewa in Bauchi State.
Reasons for the conflict have historic roots with the first being a breach of the peace treaty during the pre colonial period in Bauchi which led to conflict between Yakubus successors in the Bauchi emirate and the Zaar people.
The second arose during the colonial era according to Johannes Harnischfeger – when the British occupied Northern Nigeria and preserved the Islamic structure of the Hausa and Fulani groups in the old Northern region but attached the Non-Muslim groups (in this case the Zaar) to the emirate structure under the Fulani.
Other researchers like Adam Higazi and Jimam Lar have articulated that in recent times, Zaar leaders and organizations like the Sayawa council of elders and traditional rulers accuse the Bauchi state government of discrimination against the people of Southern Bauchi.
The problem persisted all through the colonial era since the Emirs had unlimited powers, as well as the right to distribute land and to collect taxes – this was another cause of conflict between the Zaar and the Emirates
Thirdly, in these emirates, the citizens were subject to Islamic courts despite being heathen/pagan (in the words of the British). This meant that Zaar were discriminated against in the old emirates.
It was so bad that a government commission in 1958 ascertained that Fulani judges dealing with criminal cases only admitted testimonies of male Muslim witnesses and in terms of compensation, christians and traditionalists were given only half or one-fifteenth of the amount that a Muslim could expect (Willink commission report)
By the 1950s, the Zaar had joined the UMBC – United Middle Belt Congress, the party of Northern Nigerian minority groups which had gone into an alliance with Awolowo’s Action Group (AG) and which was built on the quest to liberate ethnic minorities from the Emirate system – a move that the Hausa leaders point to as a cause for the Zaar’s recalcitrance.
A photo of Joseph Tarka, Obafemi Awolowo, Nnamdi Azikiwe and Ahmadu Bello in the first Republic.
The Zaar have largely remained more culturally and politically oriented towards the Non-Muslim groups of Plateau and Southern Kaduna than towards the Bauchi Emirate. Due to this reason among others, they have therefore advocated for the creation of a lowland state which will encompass Southern Bauchi and Plateau States.
On the issue relating to disturbances plaquing the area, Southern Bauchi has witnessed violence at different times in Nigeria’s history.
Violence occurred in 1959, 1977, 1991, 1995, 2001 and 2011. The first case of conflict happened in 1959 which was low in scale but since the creation of Bauchi State in 1976 by the late General Murtala Mohammed, the conflicts quickly escalated and issues as to indigeneity arose.
Since then, the Zaar accuse the Bauchi state government of stripping social amenities away from their areas during interviews with members of the community. To emphasize this point, we were able to confirm that Tafawa Balewa was stripped of its status as a local government headquarters where it was relocated to Bula, the main centre of the Hausa – Muslim district. The police divisional headquarters was also relocated to Bununu as unjustifiable reasons were given for this move.
In sum, the Tafawa Balewa conflict is defined by two key factors – the historic evolution of the relationship between the Zaar and the Bauchi emirate, a relationship they believe has made them second-class citizens on their land – and secondly, issues over indigeneity and the founding of Tafawa Balewa.
In the wake of the riots in 1991, the Babalakin commission of inquiry was set up by the then Military administration to look into the conflict. It made recommendations of which some have still not yet been implemented in totality. The first being the creation of a chiefdom for the Zaar people of Tafawa Balewa and secondly, the prosecution of the perpetrators of the violence during that period.
Zaar cultural festival, Tafawa Balewa where the Gung Zaar (paramount Chief was installed) but without being gazetted and without agreement from the Bauchi emirate (2nd November 2013).
Since 1991, there have been 10 governments in Bauchi and all, up to date have not implemented the recommendations of the commission of inquiry holistically. This has led a lot of analysts to see credence in what some of the Zaar people have said regarding the Bauchi State Government.
The former Governor Isa Yuguda created a Chiefdom but put its headquarters at Zwall and not Tafawa Balewa which was rejected by the Zaar people as not having complied with the recommendation of the various commissions of inquiry.
Of recent, the present Governor of Bauchi State, Bala Mohammed made the news for setting up a committee to look into the issue yet, like all governments before him, those words have been all smoke without fire.
The Zaar people in 2023 are still seeking the Chiefdom of their people and this issue is not unique to this area of the Middle Belt. We see the issue of chiefdoms as an important weapon that has been used to subjugate the Middle belt people by continuing age-long colonial policies where diverse groups instead of being granted their chiefdoms are being attached to emirates and even if they are being granted, are granted in part – and in areas away from where there are huge settlers which means that those settlers in the future could lay claim to these lands.
Another example is in Nasarawa where many groups such as the Tiv who have a whooping 11 wards have been deprived the right to have their traditional structures or chiefdoms. What this means is that they have to be under emirate rule in the state despite being largely traditionalists and christian.
We can also witness this unfolding in Southern Kaduna (the region of former Southern Zaria and not the Southern Kaduna senatorial district) where the current governor of Kaduna State has watered down most of the traditional institutions of other ethnicities whilst reinforcing his – or in specific instances where he has sent people from his ethnicity to be district heads to people of different ethnicities. As such, there must be a conscious effort to reject these attempts to deny or infiltrate the traditional structures of the Middle Belt people.
Bauchi State and environs
In conclusion, the most recurring theme in Nigerian political discourse is identity, ethnicity, traditional structures and land ownership. It is strange that settlers choose to have these debates with indigene Middle Belt groups when the 1958 Willink commission report showed the areas consisting of the different ethnic nationalities in present day Nigeria with little to no disagreement at that time. Infact, the then Northern regional government agreed with those mappings.
In the coming years, Nigeria will have to answer the indigene/settler question and the issue of minority rights as a whole. As for colonial documents and the intent behind migration during the colonial period, the British have clearly stated their reasons for importing groups into the geographical spaces of others. They site administrative expediency as the major reason.
The truth is that even the colonialists had a clear policy regarding the indigene/settler question and this could be used as a starting point when proffering solutions to these issues going forward.
As for the Zaar people in Southern Bauchi, the short-term solution should be the implementation of all commissions of inquiry reports holistically, a referendum regarding which State the Zaar people should belong to and the adoption of the said referendum.
From a regional perspective, a progressive step would be to adopt the Willink commission report regarding the creation of a Middle Belt region and the granting of autonomy to each ethnic nationality in the region.
